The Nigerian Journal of Technical Education (NJTE) is committed to maintaining high standards of research and publication integrity across all disciplines covered by the journal.

Fabrication and Falsification of Data

Data Fabrication

Data fabrication occurs when a researcher invents observations, measurements, experimental results, responses or other research data without conducting the reported investigation.

Data Falsification

Data falsification occurs when authentic research data, procedures, images or findings are altered, manipulated, selectively omitted or misrepresented.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's words, ideas, data, figures, methods or intellectual output as one's own without appropriate acknowledgement.

Plagiarism includes:

• Copying text without proper attribution
• Inadequately paraphrasing another author's work
• Reproducing figures or tables without permission or citation
• Using unpublished material without acknowledgement
• Inappropriate duplication of previously published work

Multiple Simultaneous Submissions

Authors must not submit the same or substantially similar manuscript to more than one journal simultaneously.

Confirmed simultaneous submission may result in rejection, withdrawal from editorial consideration and temporary restriction from future submission to NJTE.

Redundant and Duplicate Publication

Authors must not publish substantially identical research findings in multiple publications without appropriate disclosure and justification.

Fragmenting a single research project into unnecessarily small publications solely to increase publication output is discouraged.

Authorship Misrepresentation

NJTE prohibits:

• Gift authorship
• Guest authorship
• Ghost authorship
• Removal of legitimate contributors
• Addition of individuals without genuine scholarly contribution

Citation Manipulation

Authors, reviewers and editors must not manipulate citations for the purpose of artificially increasing citation metrics.

Prohibited practices include:

• Requiring irrelevant citations to NJTE.
• Demanding unnecessary citations to an editor's publications.
• Adding unrelated references to inflate author metrics.
• Organizing citation exchanges intended primarily to manipulate metrics.

Editor and Reviewer Responsibilities

Editors and reviewers should disclose relationships or circumstances that could compromise impartiality.

Recusal may be necessary where there is a significant:

• Current collaboration
• Recent research collaboration
• Supervisory relationship
• Personal relationship
• Financial interest
• Professional conflict

Sanctions for Ethics Violations

• Rejection of the manuscript
• Withdrawal of manuscripts under consideration
• Correction of the publication record
• Retraction
• Temporary submission restrictions
• Restrictions from editorial or reviewer roles
• Notification of relevant institutions

Investigation Procedure

Allegations of research or publication misconduct will be investigated in a manner designed to ensure fairness, confidentiality, appropriate documentation and an opportunity for affected parties to respond.

Corrections, Expressions of Concern and Retractions

Commitment to Integrity

NJTE is committed to protecting the integrity of scholarly knowledge, sustaining public and professional trust in research and ensuring appropriate attribution of intellectual contributions.